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Monday, May 24, 2010

John Calvin, Locke, Sidney, Interposition, Covenant Theology, and the Founding Fathers



My contention is the Declaration of Independence, thus the basis of this country's existence, is founded by interposition, through what Founding Father John Witherspoon called abdication. The framers contend King George forfeited his right to rule the colonies by breaking the scriptural covenant, they believed, God had made with them and the King.

Witherspoon, the pre-eminent scholar of the Founding Fathers, understood the Declaration of Independence was not a revolt:
"On the part of America, there was not the most distant thought of subverting the government or of hurting the interest of the people of Great Britain; but of defending their own privileges from unjust encroachment; there was not the least desire of withdrawing their allegiance from the common sovereign till it became absolutely necessary - and indeed, it was his [King George III] own choice."
-The Works of John Witherspoon, (Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1802), Vol. III, p. 42, "The Dominion of Providence Over the Passions of Men", May 17,1776.

The abdication was carried out by a process called: interposition; a change of government made by lesser magistrates within the government. This theory was begun by John Calvin, and promoted by his successors.
"For when popular magistrates have been appointed to curb the tyranny of kings..So far am I from forbidding these officially to check the undue license of kings, that if they connive at kings when they tyrannise and insult over the humbler of the people, I affirm that their dissimulation is not free from nefarious perfidy, because they fraudulently betray the liberty of the people, while knowing that, by the ordinance of God, they are its appointed guardians."
-Institutes of the Christian Religion

It is true, Reformed theology of the Protestant Reformation picked up where Catholic Scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas, and Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621) left off. Yet, if a minority of Catholics used PRIMARILY Natural Law to promote Republican government; risking their lives I might add, the reformers turned the world upside down, by directly linking Republican government to the scriptures. Yes, Aquinas' Summa may have quoted scripture, but he, and the schoolmen, had little effect; their efforts, somewhat exaggerated, emphasized Aristotle's Greek Philosophy, instead of "right reason" from the scriptures, ultimately, their church doctrine contradicted their nobel efforts.

Some of the leading tracts by Protestants from the Reformation period that had wide and enduring political impact in support of liberty: The Right of Magistrates (1574) by Theodore Beza, The Rights of the Crown of Scotland (1579) by George Buchanan, Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos (1579) by Phillipe du Plessis Mornay, Politica (1603) by Johannes Althusius, and Lex Rex (1644) by Samuel Rutherford.

The Reformers believed in "Covenant Theology," that God made with Israel in I Samuel 12:17,25, applied to them, giving protection and blessing for obedience:
Is it not wheat harvest to day? I will call unto the LORD, and he shall send thunder and rain; that ye may perceive and see that your wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of the LORD, in asking you a king..But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king.
Important to note, this doctrine may not be enumerated in the New Testament, and should not be confused that the framers adhered to this doctrine for salvation. However, the Founding Fathers believed it.

It isn't a stretch to claim all the signers of the Declaration of Independence adhered to this covenant theology. John Adams quoted Vindiciae contra tyrannos, and noted that Calvin's successor, "[Theodore] Beza explained his doctrines with great pomp of eloquence." Even Thomas Jefferson may have believed it. A monarch's violation of unalienable rights is grounds for separation from the covenant; hence, the monarch is a representative of the people, bringing judgment to the people. The below quote may be out of the particular context, however, the principle applies; that God will judge nations for breaking the covenant [wickedness]:
"And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever . . . ."
- Notes on the State of Virginia.

TJ also believed our unalienable rights come from the Bible:
"Well aware that the opinions and belief of men depend not on their own will, but follow involuntarily the evidence proposed to their minds; that Almighty God hath created the mind free, and manifested his supreme will that free it shall remain by making it altogether insusceptible of restraint; that all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments, or burthens, or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion . . . ."[bold face mine]
-A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, Section I.

This holy author had zero to do with other religions, or Roman, or Greek philosophy. The Father of our country, George Washington wrote Jesus Christ is the holy author of our religion [Christianity]:
"I now make it my earnest prayer, that God would have you, and the State over which you preside, in his holy protection, that he would incline the hearts of the Citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to Government, to entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another, for their fellow Citizens of the United States at large, and particularly for their brethren who have served in the Field, and finally, that he would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all, to do Justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that Charity, humility and pacific temper of mind, which were the Characteristicks of the Divine Author of our blessed Religion, and without an humble imitation of whose example in these things, we can never hope to be a happy Nation." [italics mine]
-Washington's Farewell to the Army, June 8th, 1783.

With this in mind, TJ wrote the DOI was founded on:
"..the harmonizing sentiments of the day, whether expressed in conversation, in letters, printed essays, or in the elementary books of public right, as Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Sidney, &c..."
-to Henry Lee, May 8, 1825.

No doubt the "&c" includes the Bible, and Reformation Literature. Covenant theology in the Declaration, is specifically enumerated in the Scriptures, only inferred from Natural Law. Yet, Algernon Sidney is only one out of those names who advanced biblical covenant theology. Furthermore, Sidney said, "he preferred to be classified as a Calvinist or a Puritan rather than be associated with the ideas of Archbishop Laud." Locke secularized his social contract and based the contract on reason.

Is there a doubt the Revolution was based on scripture? Our first Professor of the Law of Nature, (James Wilson), understood Natural Law cannot contradict Divine Law. Thus, the "Atlas of Independence":
"The gallant Struggle in America, is founded in Principles so indisputable, in the moral Law, in the revealed Law of God, in the true Constitution of great Britain, and in the most apparent Welfare of the Nation as well as the People in America, that I must confess it rejoices my very Soul."
-John Adams second "Clarendon" letter as printed in the Boston Gazette, 20, Jan. 1766.

In 1776, the two most respected and famous founding fathers were, John Dickinson, and Samuel Adams, who declared our rights are from the Scriptures:
"Kings or parliaments could not give the rights essential to happiness... We claim them from a higher source -- from the King of kings, and Lord of all the earth."
-John Dickinson, An Address to the Committee of Correspondence in Barbados, 1766.

Important to note, Benjamin Franklin agreed with Adams, and supported The Rights of the Colonists:
"II. The Rights of the Colonists as Christians.
These may be best understood by reading and carefully studying the institutes of the great Law Giver and Head of the Christian Church, which are to be found clearly written and promulgated in the New Testament." [italics mine]
-Samuel Adams, The Report of the Committee of Correspondence to the Boston Town Meeting.
November 20, 1772.

The sum of my argument declares the evidence supports: the Revolution, and Declaration of Independence, thus, the formation of the United States, is based on Covenant theology, found in the pages of scripture, brought to light by the Protestant Reformers.

68 comments:

Teresa said...

While I disagree with your assessment of St. Thomas Aquinas, your post is excellent. I do believe that the Founding Founders brought with them Covenant Theology.

Our Founding Truth said...

Thanks Teresa. I admit I'm not a scholar on Aquinas. Tom Van Dyke, known around the blogosphere, is much more knowledgable than I on Aquinas.

However, what part of my assessment of Aquinas do you differ with?

Tom Van Dyke said...

Thx, but I'm no expert. All I say for Aquinas [who wrote in the 1200s] is he gets the ball rolling with "All men are created equal in liberty," and by questioning, by what right does one man rule another?, and by suggesting sovereignty is given by God to the people, not their rulers.

The heavy lifting is done by his successors like Suarez and Bellarmine [The "Schoolmen"]. Which Algernon Sidney---whom the Founders knew almost as well as Locke---admits ["School Divines"] here:

http://www.constitution.org/as/dcg_102.htm

SECTION 2
The common Notions of Liberty are not from School Divines, but from Nature.

"Tho the Schoolmen were corrupt, they were neither stupid nor unlearned: They could not but see that which all men saw, nor lay more approved foundations, than, that man is naturally free; that he cannot justly be deprived of that liberty without cause, and that he doth not resign it, or any part of it, unless it be in consideration of a greater good, which he proposes to himself. "

[Well, they hated Catholics in England, so Sidney had to throw in they are "corrupt."]

Still, I noticed that the story of the Founding's political theology cannot be told with Calvinistic thought [that is, Calvin's successors], and have pursued that line of inquiry.

In one of your links, you missed a most extraordinary thing: That Samuel Adams named his original band of Boston Tea Party brigands "The Solemn League and Covenant," after the original "Solemn League and Covenant" of Scotland, which opposed the king in 1643. I'm gonna use that one somewheres.

[p. 336 in your link to David W. Hall's book.]

I don't quite agree with all your conclusions of late, but as usual, you're doing creditable and informative research. Cheers, Jim.

Best, TVD

Tom Van Dyke said...

Oooops. I meant to write:

Still, I noticed that the story of the Founding's political theology cannot be told without Calvinistic thought [that is, Calvin's successors], and have pursued that line of inquiry.

I usually let mental typos slide, but that one changed my meaning completely. D'oh!

Our Founding Truth said...

TVD, you are right. Aquinas got everything rolling; perhaps quoting scripture more than we know.

Why Calvin did not elaborate on interposition is a mystery. Maybe he passed the baton to Beza.

I've read over that TJ quote, and it seems in-line with a covenant relationship; that government's violation of unalienable rights will bring God's judgment.

It would be quite amazing if Sidney called himself a Calvinist.

Tom Van Dyke said...

Oh, my brother James--- if only you or I could begin to penetrate the mind of our brother in Christ, Thomas.

Remember, he wrote in the 1200s, 300 years before the Reformation. He is not "Catholic," he is Christian, he belongs to both of us. To all of us.

To God, to Christ. No matter what you've read about him, he was a lover of Christ first, a theologian second, a philosopher only third.

The rest is nonsense. One day, after he'd said mass, he said to Brother Reginald, "All my works seem like straw after what I have seen."

He died several months later, never to write on theology or philosophy again after that day.

His Summa Theologica, his summation of all philosophy and theology---in Christ---was left unfinished.

As will ours be.

Peace, my friend. Should you want Thomas' counsel on this or that on the matters of this world, email me, and I'll do my best to look it up. On matters of the next world, I reckon you and I are on our own before God. Thomas Aquinas was just a man, afterall, no different than you or me. The beautiful thing about him was that he was quite aware of that, that he was only a man, not a God or Messiah or prophet. Just a man no better than you or me. When he was in theological uncertainty, he chose the course of love, charity, and mercy.

The rest is straw, is it not?

Our Founding Truth said...

TVD, after you wrote your first post on Aquinas and Bellarmine, the most ironic thing happened, which has never happened before; my pastor spoke about Aquinas and Aristotle. Can you believe it?

I don't believe it was a coincidence, but, my pastor was saying, some, or most, of Catholic theology was taken directly from Aquinas. For instance, he said trans-substantiation, and the essence that indwells it, comes directly from him.

I don't know if Aquinas wrote about it; maybe you do, but, Aristotle was where he got it from.

I didn't hear the entire sermon, however, I can't figure it out. How could Aristotle be behind the essence in the eucharist?

Anyway, it was interesting.

Every day I live, is evidence to myself, of what you said about Aquinas.

OFT

King of Ireland said...

OFT,

Leave the sotierology out of it for a second and just read Aquinas for himself. I think you will see God reflected in his writings.

Our Founding Truth said...

K of I,

Maybe you're referring to soteriology, i.e. trans-substantiation, by the post I left TVD.

I assure you, that was the farthest thing from my mind. I only mentioned it showing the irony because Tom emailed me information on Aquinas and Bellarmine, which is a strong foundation from which the Protestant Reformers borrowed.

King of Ireland said...

Oft,

Sotierology is the discussions of salvation.

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